Muraayada indhaha

Muraayada indhaha waa muraayada ka samaysan muraayadaha indhaha.Qeexida muraayadda indhaha waa muraayadda leh sifooyin isku mid ah oo indhaha ah iyo shuruudo gaar ah oo loogu talagalay sifooyinka indhaha sida index refractive, kala firdhinta, gudbinta, gudbinta spectral iyo nuugista iftiinka.Muraayadaha bedeli kara jihada faafinta iftiinka iyo qaybinta spectral ee ultraviolet, iftiinka muuqda ama infrared.Dareen cidhiidhi ah, muraayadda indhaha waxa loola jeedaa muraayadda indhaha ee aan midab lahayn;Dareen ballaadhan, muraayadda indhaha waxa kale oo ka mid ah muraayadaha indhaha ee midabka leh, muraayadda laysarka, muraayadda indhaha ee quartz, muraayadda shucaaca ka hortagga, muraayadda indhaha ee ultraviolet, muraayadda indhaha ee fiber-ka, muraayadda acoustooptic, muraayadda magneto-optical iyo muraayadda sawir-qaadista.Muraayadaha indhaha waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu soo saaro muraayadaha, muraayadaha, muraayadaha iyo daaqadaha qalabka indhaha.Qaybaha ka kooban muraayadaha indhaha ayaa ah qaybaha muhiimka ah ee qalabka indhaha.

Muraayada markii hore loo isticmaalo in lagu sameeyo muraayadaha indhaha waa kuuskuus ku yaal galaaska caadiga ah ee daaqadaha ama dhalooyinka khamriga.Qaabku wuxuu la mid yahay "tajka", kaas oo magaca dhalada taajka ah ama dhalada taajka ah uu yimaado.Waqtigaas, muraayaddu waxay ahayd mid aan sinnayn oo xumbo ah.Marka lagu daro galaaska taajka, waxaa jira nooc kale oo muraayad dhagax ah oo leh maaddo sare oo rasaas ah.Qiyaastii 1790-kii, Pierre Louis Junard, oo Faransiis ah, wuxuu ogaaday in walaaqaya maraqa dhalada uu samayn karo quraarad leh dhar isku mid ah.Sanadkii 1884-kii, Ernst Abbe iyo Otto Schott of Zeiss waxay aasaaseen Schott glaswerke Ag ee Jena, Jarmalka, waxayna sameeyeen daraasiin muraayado indhaha ah dhowr sano gudahood.Waxaa ka mid ah, abuurista muraayadda taajka barium oo leh index refractive sare waa mid ka mid ah guulaha muhiimka ah ee warshadda dhalada ee Schott.

Muraayadaha indhaha waxaa lagu qasi karaa oksaydhyada silikoon nadiif ah oo sarreeya, boron, sodium, potassium, zinc, lead, magnesium, calcium iyo barium marka loo eego qaacido gaar ah, oo lagu dhalaalay heerkul sare oo ah qolof platinum ah, oo si siman loo walaaqay mawjada ultrasonic si meesha looga saaro xumbo. ;Ka dib si tartiib ah u qabooji wakhti dheer si aad uga fogaato diiqada gudaha ee xannibaadda muraayadda.Qulqulka muraayadda la qaboojiyey waa in lagu cabbiraa aaladaha indhaha si loo hubiyo in nadiifnimada, daah-furnaanta, lebbiska, index refractive iyo tusaha kala firdhiso ay buuxinayaan tilmaamaha.Qalabka muraayadda ah ee u qalma waa la kululeeyaa oo waa la been abuurtay si uu u sameeyo embriyaha muraayadaha indhaha ee qallafsan.