Telescope-ka xiddigiska ee sayniska iyo waxbarashada carruurta waxay tijaabiyaan telescope heerka gelitaanka

Qiyaasta Alaabta

Habaynta:

Indhaha: h20mm, h6mm laba indhood

1.5x muraayad togan

90 darajo zenith muraayad

38 cm sare oo aluminium ah

Shahaadada kaadhka dammaanadda ee gacanta

Tilmaamayaasha ugu muhiimsan:

★ dhererka refractive/focal: 360mm, aperture iftiin leh: 50mm

★ 60 jeer iyo 18 jeer ayaa la isku dari karaa, 90 jeer iyo 27 jeer ayaa lagu dari karaa 1.5x muraayad togan

★ xallinta aragtiyeed: 2.000 arcseconds, oo u dhiganta laba shay oo masaafo dhan 0.970 cm u jirta 1000 mitir.

★ midabka foosto muraayada ugu weyn: qalin (sida sawirka ka muuqata)

★ miisaanka: qiyaastii 1kg

★ cabbirka sanduuqa dibadda: 44cm * 21cm * 10cm

Isku dhafka daawashada: 1.5x muraayad togan h20mm muraayad isha (sawir togan oo buuxa)

Xeerarka isticmaalka:

1. Kala saar cagaha taageerada, ku dheji foosto telescope harqoodka oo ku hagaaji bilal waaweyn oo quful ah.

2. Geli muraayadda zenith gudaha dhululubada diiradda oo ku hagaaji boolal u dhigma.

3. Ku rakib muraayadda indhaha muraayadda zenith oo ku hagaaji boolal u dhigma.

4. Haddii aad rabto in aad ku weyneyso muraayad togan, ku dheji inta u dhaxaysa muraayadda indhaha iyo foosto leniska (looma baahna in lagu rakibo muraayad 90 darajo zenith), si aad u aragto jidhka samada.

Waa maxay Telescope Astronomical?

Telescope cirfiidku waa aaladda ugu muhiimsan ee lagu daawado maydadka samada iyo qabashada macluumaadka samada.Tan iyo markii Galileo uu sameeyay telescope-kii ugu horreeyay 1609-kii, telescope-ku si joogto ah ayuu u kobcayay.Laga soo bilaabo band indhaha ilaa band buuxa, laga bilaabo dhulka ilaa meel bannaan, awoodda fiirsashada ee telescope ayaa noqonaysa mid xoog badan oo xoog badan, iyo in ka badan iyo dheeraad ah macluumaadka jidhka samada waa la qabsan karaa.Bini'aadamku waxay leeyihiin telescopes oo ku jira band wave electromagnetic, neutrinos, hirarka cuf-jiidadka, fallaadhaha cosmic iyo wixii la mid ah.

Taariikhda Horumarka:

Telescope wuxuu ka yimid muraayadaha.Bini'aadamku waxay bilaabeen isticmaalka muraayadaha 700 oo sano ka hor.Qiyaastii 1300 xayaysiis, Talyaanigu waxay bilaabeen inay sameeyaan muraayadaha wax akhriska ee lenses convex ah.Qiyaastii 1450 xayeysiis, muraayadaha myopia ayaa sidoo kale soo muuqday.Sannadkii 1608-dii, arday bartay H. Lippershey, oo ah shirkad soo saarta muraayadaha indhaha ee Nederland, ayaa si lama filaan ah u ogaaday in marka uu isku dhejiyo laba lenses, uu si cad wax uga arki karo meel fog.Sanadkii 1609 kii markii uu Galileo oo ahaa saynis yahan Talyaani ah uu maqlay ikhtiraacan ikhtiraacan, waxa uu isla markiiba sameeyay telescope u gaar ah oo uu u adeegsaday daawashada xiddigaha.Tan iyo markaas, telescope-kii ugu horreeyay ee astronomical ayaa dhashay.Galileo waxa uu u kuur galay ifafaalaha goobaha qoraxda, godad dayaxa, dayax-gacmeedyada Jupiter (Satellites Galileo) iyo faa'iidada iyo khasaaraha Venus ee telescope-kiisa, kaas oo si xooggan u taageeray aragtida heliocentric ee Copernicus.Telescope-ga Galileo waxa uu ka samaysan yahay mabda’a iftiinka iftiinka, sidaas awgeed waxa loo yaqaannaa refractor.

Sannadkii 1663-kii, cirbixiyeenkii Scotland Gregory waxa uu sameeyay muraayad Gregory isaga oo isticmaalaya mabda’a iftiinka iftiinka, laakiin ma ahayn mid caan ah sababtoo ah tignoolajiyada wax soo saarka ee aan qaan-gaarin.Sannadkii 1667-kii, saynisyahankii Ingiriiska ahaa ee Newton ayaa wax yar hagaajiyay fikraddii Gregory wuxuuna sameeyay muraayad Newtonian ah.Daloolkeedu waa 2.5cm oo kaliya, laakiin waynaynta ayaa ka badan 30 jeer.Waxa kale oo ay meesha ka saaraysaa kala duwanaanshaha midabka ee telescope-ka refraction, taas oo ka dhigaysa mid aad waxtar u leh.Sannadkii 1672-kii, ninkii Faransiiska ahaa ee Cassegrain waxa uu naqshadeeyay muraayadaha Cassegrain ee inta badan la isticmaalo isaga oo isticmaalaya muraayadaha concave iyo convex.Telescope-ku waxa uu leeyahay dherer dheer oo fog, jidhka lens-gaaban, weynayn weyn iyo sawir cad;Waxa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu sawiro maydadka samada ee waaweyn iyo kuwa yar ee garoonka dhexdiisa.Telescope Hubble waxa uu isticmaalaa telescope-ka milicsiga noocaan ah.

Sannadkii 1781 kii, cirbixiyeennada Ingiriiska ee W. Herschel iyo C. Herschel waxay heleen Uranus oo leh muraayad 15 cm ah oo iskeed isku samaysatay.Tan iyo markaas, xiddigiyayaashu waxay ku kordhiyeen hawlo badan telescope-ka si ay u yeeshaan awoodda falanqaynta spectral iyo wixii la mid ah.Sannadkii 1862-kii, cirbixiyeennada Maraykanka ee Clark iyo wiilkiisa (A. Clark iyo A.g. Clark) waxay sameeyeen dib-u-soo-celin 47 cm ah waxayna sawirro ka qaadeen xiddigaha saaxiibka Sirius.Sannadkii 1908-dii, cirbixiyeen Maraykan ah oo lagu magacaabo Haier ayaa hoggaamiyay dhismaha muraayad dalool oo dhan 1.53 mitir si uu u qabto spectrum ee xiddigaha saaxiibka Sirius.Sannadkii 1948-kii, telescope Haier ayaa la dhammaystiray.Daloolkeeda 5.08 mitir ayaa ku filan in la fiirsado oo la falanqeeyo fogaanta iyo xawaaraha muuqda ee jirrada samada fog.

Sannadkii 1931-kii, Schmidt oo u dhashay Jarmalka ayaa sameeyay telescope-ka Schmidt, 1941-kii, cirbixiyeenkii Soofiyeeti ee sutov waxa uu sameeyay muraayadda sutov Cassegrain reentry sutov, taas oo kobcisay noocyada telescopes.

Waqtiyada casriga ah iyo kuwa casriga ah, telescopes-ka xiddiguhu kuma eka oo keliya xargaha indhaha.Sannadkii 1932-kii, Injineerada Raadiyaha Maraykanku waxay ogaadeen shucaaca raadiyaha ka imanaya badhtamaha galaxy-ga Milky Way, taasoo calaamad u ah dhalashada xiddigiska raadiyaha.Ka dib markii la diray dayax gacmeedyada dadku sameeyeen 1957-kii, telescopes-ka hawada sare ayaa kor u kacay.Tan iyo qarniga cusub, telescopes cusub sida neutrinos, walxaha mugdiga ah iyo hirarka culeyska ayaa ku jira kor u kaca.Hadda, fariimo badan oo ay soo diraan jilayaasha samadu waxay noqdeen kaydka cirbixiyeenada, aragtida aadamuhuna way sii ballaadhanaysaa.

Horraantii Noofambar 2021, ka dib muddo dheer oo horumarinta injineernimada iyo tijaabinta is dhexgalka, James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) oo aadka loo sugayay ayaa ugu dambayntii yimid goobta laga daahfuray oo ku taal French Guiana waxaana la bilaabi doonaa mustaqbalka dhow.

Mabda'a shaqada ee telescope astronomical:

Mabda'a shaqada ee telescope astronomical waa in lenska ujeeddada leh (lens convex) uu diiradda saaro sawirka, kaas oo lagu xoojiyey muraayadda indhaha (lens convex).Waxa diiradda saaraya muraayadda ujeeddada ah ka dibna lagu xoojiyay muraayadda indhaha.Muraayadaha ujeeddada leh iyo muraayadda indhaha ayaa ah dhismayaal labanlaaban oo kala soocan, si kor loogu qaado tayada sawirka.Kordhi xoogga iftiinka halkii cutubba, si ay dadku u helaan walxo madow iyo tafaasiil dheeraad ah.Waxa indhahaaga galaa waxay ku dhow yihiin iftiin is barbar socda, waxaad arkaysaana waa sawir male-awaal ah oo ay weynayso muraayadda isha.Waa in la balaadhiyo xagasha yar ee shayga fog iyadoo la eegayo wax weynayn, si uu u yeesho xagal weyn oo ku yaala booska sawirka, si shayga aan la arki karin ama aan isha qaawan u kala saari karin uu u noqdo mid cad oo la kala saari karo.Waa nidaam indho-indhayn oo ilaalinaya iftiinka iftiinka dhacdada ee barbar socda muraayadda ujeedada iyo muraayadda indhaha.Guud ahaan waxaa jira saddex nooc:

1. Telescope Refraction waa telescope leh lens si ujeedo leh.Waxa loo qaybin karaa laba nooc: Telescope Galileo oo leh lens concave oo ah indho-shareer;Telescope Kepler oo leh lens convex sida indho-shareer.Sababtoo ah aberration chromatic iyo aberration of spherical ujeeddada lens-kaliya waa mid aad u daran, telescopes casriga casriga ah waxay inta badan isticmaalaan laba ama in ka badan kooxaha lens.

2. Telescope-ka milicsanaya waa telescope oo leh muraayad concave ah oo ah muraayad ujeedo ah.Waxaa loo qaybin karaa Newton telescope, Cassegrain telescope iyo noocyo kale.Faa'iidada ugu weyn ee telescope-ka milicsanaya ayaa ah in aysan jirin wax cillad ah oo chromatic ah.Marka muraayada ujeedadu qaadato paraboloid, aberration sppherical sidoo kale waa la tirtiri karaa.Si kastaba ha noqotee, si loo yareeyo saameynta aberrations kale, goobta la heli karo ee aragtida waa yar tahay.Qalabka wax lagu soo saaro muraayada kaliya wuxuu u baahan yahay isugeyn balaadhinta yar yar, diiqada hoose iyo shiidi fudud.

3. Telescope Caadioptric wuxuu ku salaysan yahay muraayad wareeg ah oo lagu daray curiyaha refractive ee hagaajinta aberration, kaas oo ka fogaan kara habaynta baaxadda weyn ee adag oo uu helo tayada muuqaalka wanaagsan.Midka caanka ah waa telescope Schmidt, kaas oo dhigaya saxan saxan Schmidt oo ku yaal bartamaha wareega ee muraayadda wareegsan.Mid ka mid ah oogada ayaa ah diyaarad, midda kalena waa dusha aspherical oo yara qalloocan, taas oo ka dhigaysa qaybta dhexe ee laydhka in yar oo isku soo baxa, qaybta durugsanna ay waxoogaa kala duwanaato, kaliya waxay hagaajinaysaa aberration spherical iyo kooma.